“Over the past one hundred years, advertising and graphic design have exemplified the evolution from sexual repression to sexual permissiveness in America. This timeline shows how sexuality has been exploited and the human body has been provocatively used to sell products and illuminate editorial content. To get attention, images keep pushing the edges of acceptability, and society has become increasingly accustomed to the result.

- Sex Appeal – Steven Heller, WHAT WAS UNTHINKABLE ONE DECADE IS COMMONPLACE THE NEXT” – Mary Domowicz p.176.

 

“In the United States woman are commoditized sexual objects, and there is no mystery why. Prior to gaining the right to vote, woman were class citizens whose bodies were the property of men. “ – Sex Appeal - Steven heller p.aii

 

“Whether in advertising campaigns, on CD covers, or on television game shows, few attractions grab the (male) public’s attention more effectively than a temptress.”

 - Sex Appeal - Steven heller p.aii

 

“the public has always been divided on the length to which sexuality can and should be used to sell, if at all.” - Sex Appeal - Steven heller p.av

 

“A study in the early nineties examined the use of camera shots of men and women’s body parts in different brands of 59 beer advertisements. It was found that women appeared less in beer commercials than men, but their bodily exposure was greater. Additionally, there was a probability of 49% that a commercial had at least one shot centred on a woman’s chest, but men had only a 24% chance.”

- http://www.itsthedrinktalking.co.uk/marketing-sexuality-young-women-and-alcohol/ 5/5

 

“women still have to navigate between objectification in advertising and social pressures. Somewhat hypocritically, female drinking often signifies some form of moral infraction, and a justification for abusive behaviour; how often have you heard heated discussions about how he put himself in that position by drinking so much, or asking how can he be upset about being treated like that when he was in such a state?”

 

- http://www.itsthedrinktalking.co.uk/marketing-sexuality-young-women-and-alcohol/ 5/5

 

“It appears that young women face the double bind of the use of female sexuality to sell products, combined with an expectation that they will stay within the acceptable limits of correct “feminine” behaviour when drinking the products that their bodies are used to sell.”

- http://www.itsthedrinktalking.co.uk/marketing-sexuality-young-women-and-alcohol/ 5/

 

“Headless women… make it easy to see them as only a body by erasing the individuality communicated through faces, eyes and eye contact.” They’re sub-human. Interchangeable. Beautiful objects whose thoughts and feelings can’t be dismissed–because they don’t have them at all.”- http://newsfeed.time.com/2014/01/10/off-with-her-head-the-headless-womans-place-in-art-and-ads/

 

“By cutting out the head you are immediately saying her personality and brains aren’t important in the slightest. We are just interested in her body. It doesn’t matter who she is,” said Lauren Rosewarne a professor at The University of Melbourne who writes,

researches and comments on sexuality, gender, feminism, the media, pop culture, public policy and politics.”

- https://christinegallagherkearney.wordpress.com/2014/03/01/trending-headless-women/

 

“Advertisers make the aesthetic choice to remove women’s heads – sending the message that women’s heads are not pleasing or even wanted. Women should never be “clearly for aesthetics” from a cultural perspective.” 

- https://christinegallagherkearney.wordpress.com/2014/03/01/trending-headless-women/

 

Objectification theory posits that as a result of pervasive sexual objectification of the female body in American culture, women are socialized to take an observers' perspective towards the self, resulting in self-objectification.

 

Similar to what Berger says in Ways of Seeing. - Calum

 

- http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ejsp.731/full

 

People are objectified whenever their bodies, or body parts, are viewed as a commodity without regard to their sense of self. This objectification overwhelmingly targets women, and can be seen at work in the media, especially magazines, as well as in interpersonal contacts in school, at work and in a variety of public encounters

- http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ejsp.731/full

 

“Objectification Theory, which argues that women are particularly likely to internalize a societal view that sees them as sexual objects. The result is self-objectification, through which the self is viewed from an external perspective, as a physical body, rather than from an internal perspective, which emphasizes one's inner states and abilities (Fredrickson & Roberts, 1997).” - http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ejsp.731/full

 

“State self-objectification (SSO) is the similar experience that is triggered or enhanced by the context; viewing pictures of models in a magazine, getting cat-calls from people on the street, or being the target of a sexually-explicit gaze from a co-worker.”

- http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ejsp.731/full

 

“Objectification theory proposes that when a woman finds herself in an objectifying situation, especially if she is particularly prone to self-objectification (that is, high in TSO), she will experience an increase in self-consciousness and concern with her physical appearance and take an observer's perspective towards the self. Adopting this perspective results in a loss of personal agency with a consequent drop in cognitive resources available to carry out any action she is concurrently undertaking; she is now an object as much as an actor.” -  http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ejsp.731/full

 

"When you look at individual ads or pictures that objectify women, it's not that a single ad directly causes violence or is the sole contributor to harm against women. When society and culture turn women's bodies into objects, this creates a climate where "violence and exploitation of women are both tolerated and tacitly encouraged." It makes it easier to mistreat women when we have the status of objects rather than people. Whether it is racism, sexism, heterosexism, transgender discrimination, or terrorism, objectification is "almost always the first step toward justifying violence against that person." "

-http://www.dailykos.com/story/2012/8/12/1119353/-Objectifying-Women-Not-A-Progressive-Value

 

“Publicity increasingly uses sexuality to sell any product or service. But this sexuality is never free in itself; it is a symbol for something presumed to be larger than it: the good life in which you can buy whatever you want. To be able to buy is the same thing as being sexually desirable”

- John Berger, ways of seeing. 

 

“[Objectification can be defined as including] portrayals of women in ways and contexts which suggest that women are objects to be looked at, ogled, even touched, or used, anonymous things or commodities perhaps to be purchased, perhaps taken - and once tired of, even discarded, often to be replaced by a newer, younger edition; certainly not treated as full human beings with equal rights and needs.”

- http://www.dailykos.com/story/2012/8/12/1119353/-Objectifying-Women-Not-A-Progressive-Value

 

Sometimes when a woman objects to a picture that objectifies women and girls, she is accused of being a sexual prude, or previously abused by men, or just can't take a joke.  However, there is a difference between our sexuality and women as sexual objects. It is the objectification that dehumanizes women, and harms women personally, and in all spheres of our lives, including economic, political, educational, health care, social and cultural. - http://www.dailykos.com/story/2012/8/12/1119353/-Objectifying-Women-Not-A-Progressive-Value

 

"Historically, women were objectified and dehumanized under the laws that classified married women as property of their husbands and daughters as property of their fathers. In fact, the father was entitled to damages when his daughter was raped because his property had been damaged. While the face of the law has changed, the GOP has kept the spirit of these laws alive today when they compare women to property, such as cows, pigs, and chickens and when they continually deprive women of rights under the sexist, misogynist rationale that men know better than us what we need."

-http://www.dailykos.com/story/2012/8/12/1119353/-Objectifying-Women-Not-A-Progressive-Value

 

"The advertising industry makes tons of money each year objectifying women by showcasing a particular female body type selected to appeal to men. The women are not presented as complete, multi-dimensional people, but in a manner that de-emphasizes individuality: "The effect visually reduces a woman to a body, or in some instances, to parts of her body, as if she is not a real, whole person."

-http://www.dailykos.com/story/2012/8/12/1119353/-Objectifying-Women-Not-A-Progressive-Value

 

"Objectification is one tool used to dehumanize, control and abuse women. Part of its power is that some objectification pictures/messages might seem innocuous.  One bikini picture might not seem offensive on its face, but the message is usually that this is the way women should look, and the focus on our bodies says our complete person is not important."

- http://www.dailykos.com/story/2012/8/12/1119353/-Objectifying-Women-Not-A-Progressive-Value

 

 

Study: Proof That We Sexually Objectify Women

We look at women the same way we look at houses and sandwiches: as composites of attractive parts.

-http://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2012/07/study-proof-that-we-sexually-objectify-women/260339/

 

A 2009 study confirmed that some men see bikini-clad women as objects.  Another study in 2012 similarly found that men and women "perceived near-naked men in sexualized ads" as human beings, but could "only see attractive women as objects -

 - http://www.dailykos.com/story/2012/8/12/1119353/-Objectifying-Women-Not-A-Progressive-Value

 

http://www.metro.us/sports/what-if-every-olympic-sport-was-photographed-like-beach-volleyball/tmWlha---f6PRE6tMiKxiE/ - interesting visual critique on how woman are photographed at the olympics